Vibrations in engineering and technology

Burlaka Serhii – Doctor of Philosophy in Industrial Engineering, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Engineering Mechanics and Technological Processes in Agro-Industrial Complex at Vinnytsia National Agrarian University (3 Sonyachna St., Vinnytsia, 21008, Ukraine, e-mail: ipserhiy@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4079-4867).

Dzhedzhula Olena – Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Technologies of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University (3 Sonyachna St., Vinnytsia, 21008, Ukraine).

Diachynska Olena – Assistant of the Department of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Technologies, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Vinnytsia National Agrarian University (3, Sonychna St., Vinnytsia, 21008, Ukraine, e-mail: olena.diachynska@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1856-3525).

Zharskyi Mykola - postgraduate student at Vinnytsia National Agrarian University (3 Sonyachna St., Vinnytsia, Ukraine, 21008, e-mail: ipserhiy @gmail . com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7966-228X).

The article is devoted to the review and analysis of experimental studies on the operation of diesel internal combustion engines using three-fuel (ternary) mixtures that include conventional diesel fuel, biodiesel (produced from vegetable oils, waste, or algae), and bioethanol. In the context of tightening environmental standards and the need to reduce dependence on fossil resources, the authors examine the impact of such mixtures on key engine operating modes: full and partial load, various speeds, start-up, and stability. Particular emphasis is placed on mixtures with proportions of 5-20% biodiesel and 5-20% bioethanol (for example, B10E10D80 or B10E20D70), which were tested on single- and multi-cylinder engines with turbocharging and direct injection.

Data on combustion characteristics are analyzed: prolongation of ignition delay due to the low cetane number of ethanol, increase in peak cylinder pressure and heat release rate (HRR), leading to more intensive premixed combustion. Performance indicators include an increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 1-4% and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) by 2-18%, depending on the mixture composition and load. Experiments using high-speed cameras and pressure sensors confirm a higher HRR peak and pressure closer to top dead center for ternary mixtures compared to pure diesel.

Special attention is paid to emissions: reduction of soot by 15-50%, CO by 20-40%, CO₂ by 1-6%, and NO by 11-14% in certain modes, although NOx may increase due to higher combustion temperatures at full loads. The results demonstrate that optimal mixtures (up to 15% ethanol) provide a balance between environmental friendliness and performance without significant engine modifications. The authors note risks such as possible phase separation of the mixture or the impact of ethanol on fuel system components and recommend additional tests for cold start and durability.

Overall, the article emphasizes the practical value of three-fuel mixtures for agricultural machinery, freight transport, and generators, contributing to the transition to sustainable energy sources. The obtained data are based on real bench tests and can serve as a basis for further optimization of fuel systems.

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